University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
Subsidy Reform, Cash Payments, and Welfare of Iranian Households
1
19
EN
Mohammad-Ali
Kafaie
Shahid Beheshti University
Razieh
Garshasbi
Shahid Beheshti University
100.economey@gmail.com
10.22059/ier.2016.58269
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract</span></strong> <br /> <br /> This study reviews the direct and indirect effects of higher energy and bread prices (due to removing their subsidies and paying their equivalent in cash instead). Therefore, all consumer goods were classified into 6 groups and a linear expenditure system was estimated based on households’ budget data of 2009 and 2011 for urban and rural areas separately. The results indicate that high-income households have lost more welfare than the low-income households; in other words, the cash subsidies for low-income households are more adequate to compensate for higher costs of living but severely inadequate for high-income households. These cash subsidies are very important for low income families. <br /><strong> </strong>
Keywords: compensated income,energy subsidy,households utility,linear expenditure system (LES)
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58269.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58269_c1b7a85c4e0c700c0f418f0d46bf6957.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
The Effect of Structural Changes in Higher Education Sector on Regional Output (Case Study: Sistan and Baluchestan Province)
21
31
EN
Ramezan
Hosseinzadeh
university of Sistan and Baluchestan
ra.hosseinzadeh@eco.usb.ac.ir
Nour-Mohammad
Yaghoubi
University of Sistan and Baluchestan
yaghoubi@mgmt.usb.ac.ir
10.22059/ier.2016.58270
The aim of this study is of the effect of structural changes in higher education on changes of output in Sistan and Baluchestan Province using structural decomposition analysis (SDA). The input-output tables of this region for the period 2006-2011 have been employed as the database of the model. The structural changes were decomposed into two factors: changes in share of specific sector in total intermediate inputs that were used by higher education sector (input substitution effect) and changes in total intermediate inputs that were used by this sector (backward linkage effect). The changes in final demand is also decomposed to share of higher education in total final demand of region (structure of final demand) and total final demand of this sector (level of final demand). The results at regional level show that the change in level of final demand in the higher education sector is the main source of increasing in total output of the region. Changes in input substitution, backward linkage, and composition of final demand in this sector lead to a decrease in regional output.
Higher Education,input-output table,Sistan and Baluchestan Province,structural decomposition analysis
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58270.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58270_acda881291340c897ea384740d467bb8.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
State Capacity, Capital Mobility, and Tax Competition
33
47
EN
Arian
Daneshmand
Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba'i University
daneshmand@atu.ac.ir
Mahnoush
Abdollah-Milani
Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba'i University
milani@atu.ac.ir
10.22059/ier.2016.58271
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract</span></strong> <br /> <br /> The theory of international tax competition suggests that governments attempt to attract mobile capital bases by undercutting the foreign capital tax rate. An analysis of the role that state capacity plays in tax policymaking under international pressures is, however, missing. The central contribution of our study is to highlight the importance of the interaction between state capacity and capital mobility. It is the purpose of this article to show whether state capacity increases capital tax rates in a way that tax competition under high capital mobility dampens. Our analysis of 20 OECD countries over the period of 1966-2000 suggests that the increase in capital tax rates as a result of higher state capacity is smaller when capital mobility is high.
Keywords: Capital mobility, Capital taxation, Spatial models, State capacity, Tax competition. JEL: C31,C33,H20,H87
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58271.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58271_d45e2462c39dbde6b91ea7a2d68f19f9.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
An Investigation of the Impact of Size of the Government on Economic Growth: Some New Evidence from OECD-NEA Countries
49
68
EN
Rana
Asghari
Department of Economics, Urmia University
asghari.rana@gmail.com
Hasan
Heidari
Department of Economics, Urmia University
10.22059/ier.2016.58278
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract</span></strong> <br /> <br /> Achieving economic growth, as one of the essential purposes in each country, needs appropriate tracing of government as one of the important and effective sections in that economy. Nowadays, unlike the 80s, economists concentrate on objectives such as explanation of the relationship between size of the government and economic growth and delineation of optimum size of the government which causes maximum level of economic growth. But, notwithstanding widespread studies had not caught the unique result about of this theme. This paper is conducted with the purpose of examining the impact of size of the government on economic growth in selected OECD-NEA countries over the period of 1990-2011 and uses the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model in the form of Cobb– Douglas equation function as it is applied in Dar and Amir Khalkhali (2002) to remove the existent problems in previous studies and offering reliable results in frame of comprehensive and integral model. The results of the study strongly reject the linearity hypothesis and estimate two regimes that give a threshold in size of the government of 28.27 percent to gross domestic production (GDP) for selected countries. Moreover, the impact of size of the government on economic growth is positive for both regimes. But, the intensity of it is low in high levels of size of the government. So, the results of this study express that the big govenment size is as a brake for high levels of economic growth in selected countries under investigation. Also, the impacts of investment, labor force, and export on economic growth have been evaluated as positive in two regimes of the non-linear model.
Keywords: Economic Growth,Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) Model,Selected OECD countries,Size of the government. JEL Classification: O4,O1,N1,C23
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58278.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58278_4b960d801c37e580b895e0e104425e27.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
Electricity Demand in MENA Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis
69
80
EN
Mohammad
Sharif Karimi
Razi University
Huseyin
Karamelikli
Economics Science Department, Karabuk University, Turkey
huseyinkaramelikli@karabuk.edu.tr
10.22059/ier.2016.58276
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract</span></strong> <br /> <br /> In this study, we applied recently developed panel unit root and cointegration techniques to examine the long-run real income per capita and price elasticities for demand of electricity in selected Middle East and North African (MENA) countries using an annual data series from 1990 to 2011.Our main finding from the panel analysis is that the demand for electricity is highly price elastic and slightly income elastic in the long run for MENA countries. Our findings are consistent with the argument that the demand for electricity in the MENA countries is affected largely by strong economic growth.
Keywords: Demand for Electricity,MENA,Panel Cointegration JEL classification: Q41,C31
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58276.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58276_9ede7072001903173df58b1389f1966c.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
Cross-Sectional Relative Price Variability and Inflation in Turkey: Time Varying Estimation
81
92
EN
Rahmi
Yamak
Trabzon university
yamak@ktu.edu.tr
Havvanur
Feyza Erdem
Trabzon university
10.22059/ier.2016.58275
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract </span></strong> <br /> <br /> This study investigates the empirical validity of the variability hypothesis in Turkey for the period of February 2005-November 2015, by using cross-sectional relative price data and by focusing on the assumptions of linearity and stability. The linearity assumption between the two variables is ensured by estimating quadratic regression equation. The assumption of stability is secured by utilizing the Kalman filter approach. The Kalman filter estimates of the regression coefficients suggest that there exists a time varying U-shaped relationship between inflation and cross-sectional relative price variability in Turkey. Time variation on the regression coefficients and the U-shaped curve is significant. The annualized inflation rate which minimizes cross-sectional relative price variability varies from 8.7% to 9.4%.
Keywords: Inflation,cross-sectional relative price variability,Kalman Filter,U-shape,optimal inflation,time varying coefficient
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58275.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58275_818a308cb97e8d1777f6b012252576c8.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
Investigation of the Relations between Crude Oil Prices and Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) in Iran using Phase-Angle Analysis
93
109
EN
Farhad
Ghaffari
Islamic Azad University
farhad.ghaffari@yahoo.com
Aghigh
Farhadi
Islamic Azad University
ag.farhadi@gmail.com
10.22059/ier.2016.58277
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract:</span></strong> <br /> <br /> This paper discusses two topics. At first, it uses continuous wavelet (Morlet) transform, coherency, and phase angle analysis to study the effect of mean volatility in OPEC Crude Oil prices, WTI crude oil prices, Brent Crude oil prices and Iran’s crude oil prices on The Iran’s REER. To this end, the monthly data of the variables for years 2003 to 2012 is used. Coherency analysis revealed areas where there are behavioral similarities between the two time series (The Oils Prices and The Iran’s REER). These areas are displayed in spectral graphs. The results demonstrate that there is high coherency between the two variables (The Oils Prices and The Iran’s REER). Then, to have a better understanding of type and depth of the relations between The Iran’s Oil prices and The Iran’s REER, cross wavelet transform and phase difference analysis are used. The final result demonstrates that if the government does not take countercyclical policies, The Iran’s crude oil price variable has the potential to affect Iran’s REER variable and be the lead operator.
JEL Classification: B23,C22,E3. Keywords: Coherency,Oil Price,Phase-Angle,REER,time series,Wavelet
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58277.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58277_ed2055984c6087f9951089805581b7c1.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Economic Review
1026-6542
2588-6096
20
1
2016
01
01
The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Iran's Export
111
124
EN
Homayoun
Shirazi
University of Isfahan
homayoon.shirazi@gmail.com
Karim
Azarbaiejani
University of Isfahan
Morteza
Sameti
University of Isfahan
msameti@gmail.com
10.22059/ier.2016.58273
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract</span></strong> <br /> <br /> Since the Islamic Revolution of 1987, Iran has been affected by economic sanctions imposed by Western countries, especially the U.S. Since 2006 and with the development of the Iranian nuclear conflict, the United Nations has frequently imposed economic and financial sanctions against Iran. As a result of these international restrictions and their administration by an international organization, iran's exports has been heavily influenced. This study seeks to address the question whether the economic sanctions imposed against Iran’s exports have been effective. And if yes, and if yes, to what extent this effectiveness, is. Due to the fact that the sanctions imposed on Iran have been at first less economic and they have intensified over time, the effect of the sanctions in the three years of 2012, 2013, and 2014 have been examined by the fixed-effects Gravity model extracted from the model of Anderson and van Wincoop. In addition, all the trade relations and models considered have been estimated through the PPML method to estimate the unbiased coefficients in order to use all the data and to avoid the problem of zeros. Based on our results, the sanctions imposed against Iran have had a significant and negative effect on the amount of export in Iran to all its trading partners considered in all the given years. The examination of the coefficients during the years 2012, 2013, and 2014 show that Iran's value of export has fallen annually by 33 percent in average and the total loss for these three years has been 104 billion dollars. <br />
Keywords: Iran’s nuclear conflict,Gravity equation,PPML,sanctions
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58273.html
https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_58273_02691f84936379a6115e021d85050e43.pdf