The Expansion of Location Theories of Firms and Products’ Consistency Using Triangular Distribution Approach

Authors

Faculty of Economics and Management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Abstract

One of the main criticisms of location models is simplistic assumptions concerning the consumers’ distribution on the street or city. The location models usually make use of uniform distribution of consumers while it is not true in reality, and mostly the consumers’ accumulation is more in the city centers rather than suburb areas. This study deals with selection of optimal location of firms using Lijesen and Reggiani (2013) spoke model and changing the consumers’ distribution from uniform to triangular in a two-step game. In this game, the firms select their location, at the first stage, and enter the price competition at the second stage. Results indicate that the increased number of streets and transportation costs leads to price increase and this indicates that the farther away are the firms from each other, their competition in the market would decrease and the price would increase. If both firms are located in the same distance from city center, they would gain the same market share and more inclined toward being closer to city center or having minimum distance. Moreover, when in the consistency issue include the triangular distribution, Nash equilibrium price is less compared with Rohlfs model (1971) and a greater range of consumers purchase the product. 

Keywords


References
Abdoli, Q. (2011). Games Theory and its Applications (Static and Dynamic Games with Complete Information) (1st Ed.). Tehran: Publication of Jihad Daneshgahi.
Aminzadeh, G. B., Roshan, M., & Badr, S. (2012). Comparative Evaluation of Methods in Locating New Towns in Iran (1980s–2000s). Journal of Baghe Nazar, 9(23), 21-32.
Amiri, M., Navidi, H. R., Hesari, M. R., & Zarepour, I. (2010). Localization of Keshavarzi and Saman Banks Using Games Theory. 1st Annual Conference of Management, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shiraz.
Anderson, S. P., & Neven, D. J. (1986). Spatial Competition a la Cournot, Charles WYPLOSZ, Associate Dean for Research and Development. France: Insead.
Artle, R., & Carruthers, N. (1988). Location and Market Power: Hotelling Revisited. Journal of Regional Science, 28(4), 15-27.
Chen, Y., & Riordan, H. M. (2007). Price and Variety in the Spokes Model. The Economic Journal, 117(522), 897-921.
Choo, S., & Mazzrol, T. (2003). A Study of the Factors Influencing the Operating Location Decisions of Small Firms. Journal of Property Management, 21(2), 190-208.
David, P., & Greenstein, S. (1990). The Economics of Compatibility Standards: An Introduction to Recent Research. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 1(2), 3-42.
Drezner, Z. (1995). Facility Location: A Survey of Applications and Methods (1st Ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Farrell, J., & Saloner, G. (1987). Competition, Compatibility and Standards: The Economics of Horses, Penguins and Lemmings (1st Ed.). Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/48v4g4q1.
Gabel, L. (1991). Competitive Strategies for Product Standards. London: McGraw Hill.
Gandal, N. (1994). Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test of Network Externalities. RAND Journal of Economics, 25(1), 160-170.
Granot, D., Granot, F., & Raviv, T. (2010). On Competitive Sequential Location in a Network with a Decreasing Demand Intensity. European Journal of Operational Research, 205(2010), 301-312.
Hosun, R., Teck, H., & Karmarkar, S. (2003). Competitive Location, Production, and Market Selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 149(1), 211-288.
Hotelling, H. (1929). Stability in Competition. Economic Journal, 39(1929), 41-57.
Huang, B., Wu, Q., & Zhan, F. B. (2007). A Shortest Path Algorithm with Novel Heuristics for Dynamic Transportation Network. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(6), 625-644.
Ju, B. Gh. (2008). Efficiency and Consistency for Locating Multiple Public Facilities. Journal of Economic Theory, 138(5), 165-183.
Kieron, J. M., Ernie, G., Teo, S., & Taojun, X. (2014). Socially-Optimal Locations of Duopoly Firms with Non-Uniform Consumer Densities. Theoretical Economics Letters, 4(6), 431-445.
Lijesen, M., & Reggiani, C. (2013). Location Choice in the Spoke Model.Retrieved from
https://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/earie/2013/501/Lijesen_Reggiani_0313.pdf.
Lin, Ch. Ch., & Lee, Sh. Ch. (2010). The Competition Game on Hub Network Design. Transportation Research Part B, 44(8), 618-629.
Macoei, A., Serajiyan, A., & Sadat Torkestani, S. (2014). Review of the Literature Competitive Facility Location Using Game Theory. Research Journal of Engineering in Manufacturing Systems, 2(3),
1-19.
Melaniphy, J. (1999). Food Courts–the Food Operator's Perspective. Retrieved from http://www.melaniphy.com/ARTIC3.htm.
Economides, N. (1989). Quality Variation and Maximal Variety Differentiation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 19(1989), 21-29.
O'Kelly, M. E., & Bryan, D. L. (1998). Hub Location with Flow Economies of Scale. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 32(8), 605-616.
Pomakoei, A., Serajian, A., & Sadat Torkestani, S. (2014). Articles of Localization of Competitive Facilities Using Games Theory. Journal of Industrial Engineering in Production Systems, 2(3), 1-19.
Țarțavulea, R. I. (2015). Model for Determining the Optimum Location for Performance Improvement in Supply-Chain Strategies. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(1), 39-54.
Reggiani, C. (2009). Optimal Differentiation and Spatial Competition: The Spoke Model with Product Delivery.Discussion Paper, Retrieved from https://www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/discussionpapers/2009/0913.pdf.
Rohlfs, J. (1974). A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communication Service. Bell Journal of Economics, 5(1), 16-37.
Sáiz, M. E., Hendrix, E. M. T., Pelegrín, B. (2011). On Nash Equilibria of a Competitive Location–Design Problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 210(3), 588-593.
Shiode, Sh., Yeh, K. Y., & Hsia, H. Ch. (2012). Optimal Location Policy for Three Competitive Facilities, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 62(3), 703-707.
Shy, O. (1996). Industrial Economics: Theory and Applications. Paris: MIT Press.
Vinay. S., & Chakra, V. (2005). Industrial Location and Spatial in Equal IML Theory and Evidence from India. Review of Development Economics, 9(1), 47-65.
Zamani, V. (2009). Localization of Multi-Level Parking in Qom Using ANP (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). University of Isfahan Art, Iran.